Another source of funding for the public broadcaster is special payments and taxes received by the state from private entities: commercial Judi bola Gila broadcasters, mobile operators, Internet service providers, and the advertising income tax.
This method of financing is used in combination with the previous two – license fee or government funding and is usually combined with certain restrictions for the public broadcaster on advertising. The logic of the legislator in this case is quite simple: by limiting the ability of public broadcasters to earn on advertising and redistributing the advertising market in favor of private entities, he expects that the latter will bear part of the burden of maintaining it.
This method of financing is not indisputable. Thus, in France, where the collection of 0.9% of the income of Internet providers and mobile operators, as well as the tax on advertising income was introduced. Such actions of the authorities have become the subject of legal proceedings at the level of the European Commission.
In Spain, such financing is the collection of income from free commercial broadcasters and pay-TV channels, the tax on telecommunications service providers as compensation for the use of radio spectrum, and the share of income from the existing radio spectrum tax paid by all radio and radio broadcasters television operators.
Advertising
Another source agen 139 slot of funding for public broadcasters is advertising revenue. Unlike all previous methods, advertising funds can be called self-financing, and none of the public broadcasters is funded solely by advertising. However, national legislation in this regard and, as a consequence, the share of advertising in the total budget, is very different.
In general, there are 3 approaches to advertising as a source of funding for public service broadcasters around the world:
The first is the absence of special restrictions and differences from commercial broadcasters. In Ireland, for example, the public broadcaster’s advertising revenue accounts for about half of its total budget. A similar situation was in Poland before the break-up of the Polish TVP’s independence system.
The second is legal restrictions such as quotas, bans on advertising for certain periods of time, and so on. An example of such a model, as already mentioned, is France, where advertising was initially banned in prime time, ie after 8 pm, and from January 1, 2018 – during the 무료스포츠중계 of children’s programs, as well as 15 minutes before and after. In Spain, advertising and teleshopping have been banned since 2009, but after a million-dollar fine for advertising in sports competitions in 2018, Spain is debating to improve Article 7 of the Act in the context of allowing not only sponsorship but also advertising.
The third departure is a complete ban on public advertising. Such bans exist, in particular, in Sweden, Norway, Japan, Finland, Denmark – ie those countries where other sources of funding for public broadcasters are very powerful.
Model for Korean
None of the existing models for Korean is acceptable in its pure form. Thus, the formation of any additional fees or taxes will only lead to social tensions and an increase in the level of aggression against public service broadcasting, which is still in its infancy. Attempts to introduce taxes for commercial broadcasters are more likely to be blocked in parliament, where the commercial market lobby is strong enough. Among the most optimal combinations is combined financing, where up to 10% will be brought by advertising, 10% – funds from the lease of property, grant funds and more. From the main financing, the source of funds may already be a percentage of the rent for the use of radio frequency resources or “stitching” funds in those payments that are the most paid – electricity or other utilities.
